Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Effect of Cardiac Arrest on Cognitive Impairment and Hippocampal Plasticity in Middle-Aged Rats

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124918

Figure Lengend Snippet: Average distance traveled A) per day [F (1, 3) = 6.68, *p<0.05, group effect] or B) across all trials (** p <0.01) on Barnes circular platform maze (testing occurred 3, 4, 5, and 6 days following sham or ACA procedures). The average latency to enter escape tunnel C) per day (*p<0.05, group effect) or D) across all trials (***p<0.005, group effect) on Barnes circular platform maze. The percentage of each animal using a search strategy (spatial, serial, or random) was also quantified on the Barnes maze. E) Percentage of trials where an animal used a spatial versus a non-spatial (serial + random) search strategy (*p<0.05). F) Percentage of trials where an animal used a systematic (spatial + serial) versus a random search strategy (***p<0.005) (Sham n = 10 and ACA n = 8).

Article Snippet: The Barnes circular platform maze is a 122 cm diameter circular platform on a 1.4 m stand with 18 evenly spaced 9.5 cm diameter holes around the circumference, where a black box (escape tunnel) was placed underneath one of the holes (Med-Associates Inc., St. Albans, VT, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Novel Dopamine Transporter Inhibitor, CE-123, Ameliorates Spatial Memory Deficits Induced by Maternal Separation in Adolescent Rats: Impact of Sex

doi: 10.3390/ijms231810718

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of CE-123 (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle given each day before the acquisition session on the primary latency for males ( A ) and females ( C ) and number of errors for males ( B ) and females ( D ) committed during 4 days of the acquisition of spatial learning of the Barnes maze task in adolescent (PND30-33) rats. Wistar rats were subjected to MS for 180 min during PND1-21. Data represent mean ± SEM (N = 10 rats/group). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 Stressed/Vehicle vs. Nonstressed/Vehicle; # p < 0.05 Stressed/CE-123 5 mg/kg vs. Stressed/Vehicle; $ p < 0.05, $$ p < 0.01; Stressed/CE-123 10 mg/kg vs. Stressed/Vehicle; PND—postnatal day.

Article Snippet: The Barnes maze apparatus (Stoelting, Dublin, Ireland) consisted of a circular grey metal platform (diameter 122 cm), elevated 100 cm above the floor, with 20 holes (10 cm diameter) located in its periphery.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Novel Dopamine Transporter Inhibitor, CE-123, Ameliorates Spatial Memory Deficits Induced by Maternal Separation in Adolescent Rats: Impact of Sex

doi: 10.3390/ijms231810718

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impact of CE-123 (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle given prior to each acquisition session on the primary latency for males ( A ) and females ( C ) and number of errors for males ( B ) and females ( D ) in the probe-trial of the Barnes maze task in adolescent (PND34) rats. Wistar rats were subjected to MS for 180 min during PND1-21. Data represent mean ± SEM (N = 10 rats/group). ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 Stressed/Vehicle vs. Nonstressed/Vehicle; $$ p < 0.01, $$$ p < 0.001; Stressed/CE-123 10 mg/kg vs. Stressed/Vehicle; PND—postnatal day.

Article Snippet: The Barnes maze apparatus (Stoelting, Dublin, Ireland) consisted of a circular grey metal platform (diameter 122 cm), elevated 100 cm above the floor, with 20 holes (10 cm diameter) located in its periphery.

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: MEF2C hypofunction in neuronal and neuroimmune populations cooperate to produce MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome-like behaviors in mice

doi: 10.1101/824151

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mef2c -Het mice have normal cognitive abilities. (A) There is no difference in acoustic startle response between Mef2c -Het and control mice. (B-D) Pavlovian Fear Conditioning. Both control and Mef2c -Het mice increase freezing with each tone/shock pairing during training (B) and show similar levels of freezing during the context (C) and cue (D) test. (E) No difference in latency to escape a very bright (450 lumens) Barnes Maze. (F) Both control and Mef2c -Het mice have similar spontaneous alternations in the Y-maze. (G) Novel object recognition. Mef2c -Het mice (n=9) interacted more with a novel object than a familiar object. (H) Both genotypes show a similar preference for 1% sucrose solution. (I-L) Sucrose Self-Administration Task. (I) Discrimination ratio during sucrose self-administration. (J) Number of active (solid line) and inactive (dashed line) port entries during extinction. Control and Mef2c -Het mice can recall the active port on the first day of extinction, and both genotypes show similar extinction rates (J) and discrimination ratio (insert). (K) Discrimination ratio during the first day of sucrose self-administration. (L) Both control and Mef2c -Het mice have high discrimination ratios during cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose seeking. Data are reported as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by 2-way ANOVA (A,B,D,E,I-K) or unpaired t-test (C,F-H,L). *p<0.05, ***p<0.005. Number of animals (n) are reported in each graph for respective experiment. Also see .

Article Snippet: During testing, mice were introduced to the center of the Barnes Maze (Stoelting #60170) in bright white light (250 or 450 lux) with 4 distinct spatial cues evenly distributed around the arena.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Early Maternal and Social Deprivation Expands Neural Stem Cell Population Size and Reduces Hippocampus/Amygdala-Dependent Fear Memory

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00022

Figure Lengend Snippet: Spatial memory test. Early- and late-MSD and control mice were assessed for the spatial memory by Barnes maze test. (A) Errors in entering the target escape box were measured during the training. (B) In the probe test, time spent around each hole was measured in relation to the angle of the hole to the target. (C) The accuracy of the reference memory was scored as the ratio of time spent around the target divided by the time spent around the target and neighboring holes. (D) After the reversal of the target location, errors in entering the target escape box were measured during the training. (E) In the reversal probe test, time spent around each hole was measured in relation to the angle of the hole to the target. (F) The accuracy of the reference memory was scored as described above. Data represent the mean ± SEM and n- values are shown in the columns.

Article Snippet: Spatial memory was assessed using the Barnes maze test (O’Hara & Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Heliyon

Article Title: Mitochondrial dysfunction precedes hippocampal IL-1β transcription and cognitive impairments after low-dose lipopolysaccharide injection in aged mice

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28974

Figure Lengend Snippet: Low-dose LPS injection induces cognitive impairments in old-age mice. Barnes maze test and Fear chamber test was performed to measure learning and memory after LPS injection (Control, n = 13; LPS, n = 15). (A) LPS injection did not affect primary latency, length, or errors during training sessions. (B, C) Barnes maze probe trial. (B) Representative heatmap images. (C) LPS injection significantly increased path length and latency in the probe test (p = 0.021, Student's t-test). (D) LPS injection significantly reduced contextual memory in the fear-chamber test (p = 0.040, Student's t-test). Values are presented as means ± SD (*p < 0.05, n.s., not significant).

Article Snippet: The Barnes maze test (Scitech Korea Inc., Korea) was conducted 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of saline (Control group) or LPS (LPS group) as previously described [ ].

Techniques: Injection, Control

Journal: Heliyon

Article Title: Mitochondrial dysfunction precedes hippocampal IL-1β transcription and cognitive impairments after low-dose lipopolysaccharide injection in aged mice

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28974

Figure Lengend Snippet: Low-dose LPS injection increases gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and induces learning impairment in young mice pretreated with rotenone. (A – C) Mitochondrial respiration was measured 24 h after LPS injection (Control, n = 5; LPS, n = 5; Rotenone, n = 4; Rotenone + LPS, n = 5). (A) Mitochondrial OCR was measured while sequentially adding ADP, oligomycin, CCCP, and antimycin; dotted lines indicate the addition of compounds. (B) Quantification of OCR after excluding non-mitochondrial respiration. Coupled (state3) and uncoupled (state3u) respiration were significantly decreased in mice that received both rotenone pretreatment and LPS injection (state3, p = 0.004; state3u, p = 0.003; one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test). (C) RCR was not affected by rotenone or LPS injections (one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test). (D) mRNA expression levels of cytokines, including TNFα (p = 0.033, one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test), IL-1β (p = 0.021), IL-10 (p = 0.017) and IL-6 (p = 0.006; Kruskal-Wallis test), were significantly increased in mice that received both rotenone pretreatment and LPS injection (Control, n = 5; LPS, n = 5; Rotenone, n = 4; Rotenone + LPS, n = 5). (E) Western blot analysis of inflammasome components after rotenone pretreatment in young mice (Control, n = 5; Rotenone, n = 5). Representative Western blot images (left) and summary data (right). The number in the left-hand image indicates protein molecular weight (kDa). The expression level of NLRP3 (Student's t-test, p = 0.003) and cleaved-caspase1 (Student's t-test, p < 0.001) were significantly increased after rotenone pretreatment. Full Western blot images are provided in . (F–I) Cognitive function was evaluated using the Barnes maze test and fear chamber test (Control, n = 11; Rotenone, n = 10; LPS, n = 11; Rotenone + LPS, n = 11). (F) Mice that received both rotenone pretreatment and LPS injection showed significant differences during training trials (group interaction, primary latency, p = 0.003; primary length, p = 0.045; primary errors, p = 0.021). (G, H) Representative heatmap images of the probe test. There were no significant differences between groups (one-way ANOVA, Kruskall-Wallis test). (H) There was no significant difference in contextual memory in the fear chamber test (one-way ANOVA). Values are presented as means ± SD (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, n.s., not significant).

Article Snippet: The Barnes maze test (Scitech Korea Inc., Korea) was conducted 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of saline (Control group) or LPS (LPS group) as previously described [ ].

Techniques: Injection, Gene Expression, Control, Expressing, Western Blot, Molecular Weight

Journal: Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery

Article Title: A PAM of the α 1A -Adrenergic receptor rescues biomarker, long-term potentiation, and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models without effects on blood pressure

doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2023.100160

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cmpd-3 treated 3xTg mice improved memory performance in the Barnes maze cognitive test. Tests were performed blinded to the CRO, AfaSci. The number of hole pokes for female 3xTg mice during day 5 memory probe test of the shortened Barnes Maze protocol. Cmpd-3 treated mice (2.6 mg/kg) (blue bars) significantly identified the correct target hole compared to 3xTg (vehicle) control (orange bars) (*p < 0.037). N = 8 mice per group. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: A shortened Barnes maze was performed by AfaSci, Inc., according to the protocol as originally published for the 3XTG mice ( ).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Psychosomatic medicine

Article Title: Chronic social and psychological stress impact select neuropathologies in the PS19 mouse model of tauopathy

doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001256

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Relative abundance mRNA expression of human MAPT gene with the P301S mutation. Wildtype (WT) mice express negligible levels of the gene, while all PS19 mice transcriptionally express the gene. Unpaired t-test, p=0.0001 B) PS19 mice manifest significantly greater GFAP (Unpaired t-test, p=0.0065) and Iba1 (Unpaired t-test. p=0.0297) immunoreactivity than siblings negative for the P301S mutation. Representative images (top) and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) quantification (bottom) of immunofluorescence for astrocytes (GFAP, green) and microglia (Iba1, magenta) in the dentate gyrus of 5–8-month-old male WT and PS19 mice. C) PS19 mice have significantly more pTau immunoreactivity and significantly thinner dentate gyrus granular cell layers than WT siblings. Unpaired t-test: pTau, p=0.0446; granular cell layer width, p=0.0392. Representative images (top) and MFI quantification (bottom, left) of immunofluorescence for phosphorylated tau (AT8, white) in the dentate gyrus of 5–8-month-old male WT and PS19 mice. Average width of the dentate gyrus granular cell layer (bottom, right) measured from the nuclear stain (dapi, blue) in WT and PS19 mice. Scale bar in B,C, 50 μm. Data are mean + s.e.m. *P<0.05;**P<0.01 determined by unpaired two-sided t-tests with Welch’s correction. D) Elevated Plus Maze. There are no significant differences in total distance moved between WT and PS19 mice (Unpaired t-test, p=0.231). PS19 mice spent significantly more time in the open arms than wildtype mice (Unpaired t-test. p=0.010). PS19 mice spent significantly less time in the closed arms than wildtype mice (Unpaired t test, p=0.0001). E) Barnes Maze. No significant differences between wildtype and PS19 mice in average daily latency to enter escape hole zone during Barnes Maze training (2-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test, significant main group effect of training day, p=0.0001, no significant effect of group, no significant interaction). PS19 did not show as steep and learning curve in Barnes Maze training in terms of average time to enter escape hole on each day of training (2-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test, significant main group effect of training day (p=0.0001), significant main group effect of genotype (p=0.020), no significant interaction of day x genotype). Lastly, PS19 mice exhibited significantly less preference than wildtype mice for the goal quadrant compared with other quadrants during the Barnes Maze probe trial. Unpaired t-test. p=0.031. * indicates p<0.05, ** indicates p<0.01 *** indicates p<0.001, **** indicates p<0.0001. Unless otherwise specified histogram bars represent group mean, and error bars represent standard error. The drawings were created with BioRender.com .

Article Snippet: Spatial learning and memory were assessed via Barnes maze (San Diego Instruments; San Diego, CA, USA) in accordance with established protocols ( 45 , 46 ).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Expressing, Mutagenesis, Fluorescence, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Psychosomatic medicine

Article Title: Chronic social and psychological stress impact select neuropathologies in the PS19 mouse model of tauopathy

doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001256

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Experimental overview. B) Elevated Plus Maze. No significant differences between groups in total distance traveled. CRS-exposed mice spent significantly less time in the open arms (1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test, ctrl vs CRS p=0.046) and trended towards more time in the closed arms of the EPM (1-way ANOVA with Dunnet’s multiple comparisons test p=0.094) than controls. C) Barnes Maze. Control and CRS-exposed mice displayed improvement in time to first enter escape hole zone with each day of training but CSS-exposed mice showed little change over the course of training. No significant differences between groups in time spent in goal quadrant during Barnes Maze probe trial though CSS-exposed mice trended towards less time in goal quadrant. * indicates p<0.05, ** indicates p<0.01 *** indicates p<0.001, **** indicates p<0.0001. Unless otherwise specified histogram bars represent group mean, and error bars represent standard error. The drawings were created with BioRender.com .

Article Snippet: Spatial learning and memory were assessed via Barnes maze (San Diego Instruments; San Diego, CA, USA) in accordance with established protocols ( 45 , 46 ).

Techniques: Control